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Bloody Sunday (1905)
Bloody Sunday () is the name given to the events of Sunday, in St Petersburg, Russia, when unarmed demonstrators led by Father Georgy Gapon were fired upon by soldiers of the Imperial Guard as they marched towards the Winter Palace to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia.
Bloody Sunday caused grave consequences for the Tsarist autocracy governing Imperial Russia, showing disregard for ordinary people which undermined the state. The events in St. Petersburg provoked public outrage and a series of massive strikes that spread quickly throughout the industrial centres of the Russian Empire. The massacre on Bloody Sunday is considered to be the start of the active phase of the Revolution of 1905. In addition to beginning the 1905 Revolution, historians such as Lionel Kochan in his book ''Russia in Revolution 1890-1918'' view the events of Bloody Sunday to be one of the key events which led to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
==Background==
After the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 by Tsar Alexander II of Russia, there emerged a new peasant working class in Russia’s industrializing cities. Prior to emancipation no working class could be established because serfs worked in the cities while retaining their ties to the land and their masters. Most serfs would only work in the cities temporarily, returning to their villages when their work was needed. This phenomenon created a seasonal workforce that never established deep roots in Russian cities. Under this system, serfs were able to work in the cities to supplement their income. Although the working conditions were horrific, they were only employed for a short amount of time and were able to return to their village when their work was complete or it was time to resume agricultural work.〔Walter Sablinksy, The Road to Bloody Sunday: Father Gapon and the St. Petersburg Massacre of 1905 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976), 4.〕
The emancipation of the serfs, however, allowed the establishment of a permanent working class in urban areas, which created a strain on traditional Russian society. Peasants “were confronted by unfamiliar social relationships, a frustrating regime of factory discipline, and the distressing conditions of urban life.”〔Sablinsky, The Road to Bloody Sunday, 3.〕 This new group of peasant workers made up the majority of workers in urban areas. Generally unskilled, these peasants received unbearably low wages, suffered in unsafe working environments, and worked up to fifteen hours a day. Although the workers still had a paternalistic relationship with their employer, factory employers were more present and active than the noble landowners that previously watched over the serfs. Under serfdom, peasants had little, if any, contact with their landowner. In the new urban setting, however, factory employers used their absolute authority in abusive and arbitrary manners. Their abuse of power, made evident by the long working hours, low wages, and lack of safety precautions, led to strikes in Russia.
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